In Independent routines§
See primary documentation in context for sub run
sub run(* ($, *@),: = '-',: = '-',: = '-',Bool : = False,Bool : = True,Bool : = False,Str : = 'UTF-8',Str : = "\n",: = ,Hash() : = ,:,: = False--> Proc)
Runs an external command without involving a shell and returns a Proc
object. By default, the external command will print to standard output and error, and read from standard input.
run 'touch', '--', '*.txt'; # Create a file named “*.txt”run <rm -- *.txt>; # Another way to use run, using word quoting for the# arguments
If you want to pass some variables you can still use < >
, but try to avoid using « »
as it will do word splitting if you forget to quote variables:
my = ‘--my arbitrary filename’;run ‘touch’, ‘--’, ; # RIGHTrun <touch -->, ; # RIGHTrun «touch -- "$file"»; # RIGHT but WRONG if you forget quotesrun «touch -- »; # WRONG; touches ‘--my’, ‘arbitrary’ and ‘filename’run ‘touch’, ; # WRONG; error from `touch`run «touch "$file"»; # WRONG; error from `touch`
Note that --
is required for many programs to disambiguate between command-line arguments and filenames that begin with hyphens.
A sunk Proc
object for a process that exited unsuccessfully will throw. If you wish to ignore such failures, simply use run in non-sink context:
run 'false'; # SUNK! Will throwrun('false').so; # OK. Evaluates Proc in Bool context; no sinking
If you want to capture standard output or error instead of having it printed directly you can use the :out
or :err
arguments, which will make them available using their respective methods: Proc.out
and Proc.err
.
my = run 'echo', 'Raku is Great!', :out, :err;.out.slurp(:close).say; # OUTPUT: «Raku is Great!».err.slurp(:close).say; # OUTPUT: «»
You can use these arguments to redirect them to a filehandle, thus creating a kind of pipe:
my = open :w, '/tmp/cur-dir-ls-alt.txt';my = run "ls", "-alt", :out();# (The file will contain the output of the ls -alt command)
These argument are quite flexible and admit, for instance, handles to redirect them. See Proc
and Proc::Async
for more details.
See also new
and spawn
for more examples and explanation of all arguments.
In Thread§
See primary documentation in context for method run
method run(Thread:)
Runs the thread, and returns the invocant. It is an error to run a thread that has already been started.